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Compact Waterproof
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A digital camera captures images in a digital format, unlike a conventional camera, which captures images using a photographic film.

History:

Using a mosaic photosensor, Eugene F. Lally of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory first showed how still photos could be produced in a digital domain. An engineer at Eastman Kodak, Steve Sasson, used solid-state CCD chips to build a prototype digital camera having a resolution of 0.01 megapixel, and recorded black and white digital images to a magnetic cassette tape. With this prototype model, Steve took the first image in December of 1975 taking 23 seconds to capture it.

In 1988, Fuji DS-1P became the first digital camera that captured images as a computerized file. However, the camera never entered the U.S. market. In 1991, Kodak DCS-100 was the first commercially available digital camera, which used a 1.3 megapixel sensor. With the advancement of technology, modern digital cameras have become multifunctional and are now capable of capturing audio/video and still photographs.

Benefits:

1 - You get superior image quality. Digital cameras can offer good to excellent image resolution.

2 - You get a fair price. A digital camera is reasonably priced and is affordable.

3 - You can transfer the pictures to your laptop. You can easily connect the digital camera to your laptop and transfer the pictures in your hard disk.

4 - You can print in large sizes. Due to its high resolution, pictures can be printed in large sizes by any plotter.

5 - You can email the pictures to your friends. You can send the pictures by email to your loved ones.

6 - You can store the images in CDs or hard disk. Once the pictures are transferred from digital camera to the computer, permanent storage on a CD or hard disk is possible.

7 - You can take the camera in your pocket while you travel. The small size of the digital camera makes traveling with it easy and a pleasure.

8 - You can move in close to your subject. Zoom lenses offer close-ups of your subject with sharp focus. You can take very good close-ups of flowers, bugs, stamps, coins, etc.

9 - You can rework the image in a computer. Any photo editing software can rework the images taken.

10 - You can take good pictures even in low-light situations. Due to flexible over sensitivity or ISO equivalents, digital cameras can easily take detailed pictures even in low-light conditions.

11 - You can take quality still photos of moving objects. Sports and fashion photography can be easily accomplished due to the fast burst rate of digital cameras.

12 - You save money. There is no need of buying photographic films, developing them into negatives and positives. Moreover, the batteries are usually rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, which last a long time.

13 - You can choose as per your needs and fancy. Many models are available like standard digital camera, underwater digital camera, waterproof digital camera, compact digital camera, and the professional digital camera.

Storage Media:

Digital cameras use memory to capture and store images. Some of the storages media used are onboard flash memory, 3.5" floppy disks, video floppy disk, PCMCIA hard drives, CD or DVD, CompactFlash memory cards, Microdrives, Memory Stick, SD/MMC, MiniSD Card, MicroSD Card, XD-Picture Card, SmartMedia, and FP Memory.

Power:

Digital cameras consume a lot of power, which is supplied by powerful, small in size batteries. Batteries are broadly divided into two groups, namely, off-the-shelf and proprietary. Off-the-shelf batteries are like AA, CR2, CR-V3, AAA, and RCR-V3. They are lithium-ion (Li-Ion) or Nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries. Standard AA non-rechargeable alkaline batteries either do not work or work for only a very short time in most cameras.

Proprietary batteries are built as per the manufacturer`s custom specifications and are usually available as aftermarket replacement parts. Generally, lithium ion batteries are widely used as proprietary batteries for digital cameras.

This article is under GNU FDL license and can be distributed without any previous authorization from the author. However the author´s name and all the URL´s (links) mentioned in the article and biography must be kept.

This article can also be accessed in portuguese language from the News Article section of page http://www.polomercantil.com.br/camera-digital.php

Roberto Sedycias works as IT consultant for http://www.polomercantil.com.br

Integral waterproofing of basements(1st part)

 

 

Concrete is a naturally porous material.

 

Concrete’s porosity has a strong correlation with the water/cement ratio W/C but also depends on curing practice, the rheology characteristics of fresh concrete, the mix design etc.

 

It’s not only the pores percentage that counts but also pores sizes, pores distribution and the interconnections between the pores.

 

It’s logical to observe that concrete durability is closely linked to water intrusion and movement rates.

 

Furthermore, water inside concrete’s mass plays the role of the carrier for harmful substances that can potentially have deleterious effects on the concrete and its steel reinforcements.

 

Water movement inside the concrete has to do with its permeability which is closely related to the total porosity and its distribution in the cementitious matrix of concrete.

 

 INTEGRAL WATERPROOFING: A DEFINITION

 

 Integral waterproofing of concrete is achieved by means of addition in the concrete mass of special admixtures (in liquid of powdery form).

 

These admixtures will hopefully reduce concrete porosity, alter pores distribution and suspend their interconnection or will line their walls with hydrophobic substances to reduce capillary absorption/suction.

 

In integral waterproofing there is no use of membranes or conventional tanking systems, or any kind of film-producing surface treatments.

 

 From what is mentioned above integral waterproofing seems as a daunting task.

 

 And it is!

 

Imagine: Average pore size in concrete is 1.000 – 10.000nm when the diameter of a water molecule is only 0,28nm!!!

 

Integral waterproofing will need the full cooperation of the concrete producer, the contractor and the experts of the company supplying the integral waterproofer and the relevant technology.

 

It is very important to emphasize that integral waterproofing is not only one product (the admixture / integral waterproofer).

 

It’s a whole system and it’s based on an extended know-how.

 

The concrete mix design should be optimum, the compaction superior and the curing process impeccable.

 

Details as cold joints, other construction joints, various penetrations, tie holes, honeycombs etc. need the closest attention and a minute preparation.

 

 

Main types of integral waterproofers

 

 There are three different philosophies as far as it regards internal waterproofing.

 

 

 

End of 1st part

 

 

Chris Strogilis

 

Civ. Eng. – MBA – DipM

http://maconwaterproofing.blogspot.com/

 

 

About the Author

Civil engineer with postgraduate studies in MBA and Marketing

What is a good waterproof digital camera for SCUBA diving?

I'm looking for a compact digital camera which I can use both in and out of the water. Most of the good waterproof cameras which I have found are only rated to 10 meters, which is insufficient. Am I better off buying a regular camera and a waterproof case? I have seen some of these offered by Canon.

You're best off to do a little research on the camera you really want and then see if there's a decent underwater housing for it. Personally, I'd steer clear of the actual camera manufacturer's housings. They tend not to allow use of all the camera functions and they are usually only just good enough that they can claim a depth rating of 130ft max. You're better off protecting that camera investment by purchasing a decent housing like an IkeLite ( if it's available for your camera). They're rated to 200 feet and each is factory tested to pass that. I own a Canon A720IS, that canon does make the housing for, but it was so cheaply made that I opted for the IkeLite housing instead. That housing cost TWICE as much as the actual camera. But I know the camera is safe and that model does everything I want in a camera, both above and below.
As for amphibs ( cameras that are in their own housing such as Sea&Sea, or Bonica) I'd advise against unless you don't mind lugging a large housing around on the surface or what your photos will actually look like. Amphibs are a compromise solution. They don't take great above water shots and they don't take great underwater shots. They do both only "ok" as opposed to a higher end camera that you put in a higher end housing.
When you're looking for a camera, keep a few things in mind.
What's it's power consumption like? Changing batteries is impossible on a dive.
What's it's storage format and capacity? You can't swap out cards on a dive.
How easy is it to point and shoot? You're looking through a housing with a mask on your face, can you see what you're aiming at?
You may be wearing gloves when diving. Can you manipulate those function buttons on the housing easily?
What are the options for adding things like strobes, lens or video lights later? What about the actual camera modes? You may find yourself doing macro or wide angle pics. Maybe at night? Maybe in low vis....that onboard flash can then be your worst enemy since you may not have an option to disable it and all you'll get is backscatter.
My advice... choose ten cameras that do what it is that you intend on doing. Find out if a dedicated manufacturer of dive camera housings makes a housing for those cameras. Then choose from between the ones that do.

Simple steps for a successful canoe trip
If you’re heading out canoeing, knowing what to bring with you will ensure you paddle in comfort, and that your supplies stay dry and don’t end up at the bottom of the river.

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