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Swordtail Fact Sheet

The Swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri, is a very popular fish from the rivers and streams of Central America on the Atlantic side. The Swordtail is related to the Guppy and is as easy to breed.

The Swordtail is larger than the Guppy reaching four and a half inches (12cm) long.

Water Conditions

The Swordtail is a tropical fish although it can take slightly colder conditions than many tropical fish. A temperature of 24 degrees C (75 degrees F) is suitable for a mixed tank including this fish. The Swordtail likes harder water than a lot of common fish, and has a high tolerance for salt. Salt can be used for preventing and curing some diseases, but beware if trying this. Swordtails bred in high salt (sometimes half the salt percentage of the sea) tend to have little resistance to diseases and can die when put into normal fish aquariums.

The Swordtail generally prefers slightly alkaline water. For a mixed tank including Swordtails I suggest neutral (7).

Food

Swordtails are omnivores and eat both live food like mosquito larvae, daphnia and baby fish as well as some algae. In an aquarium they will eat any normal fish food.

Companions

The Swordtail is not a strongly schooling fish, so large groups are not necessary although they can certainly be kept and look very nice. Two males may cause problems to each other. They do not have stand up fights like the Siamese Fighting Fish, but unless distracted by enough females may squabble a bit.

Swordtails are a community fish and suitable companions include the other smaller peaceful fish such as Rummy Nose Tetras, Lemon Tetras, Emperor Tetras, Head and Tail Light Tetras, Guppies, White Cloud Mountain Minnows and Zebra Danios. Most of these fish will eat baby Swordtails.

Breeding

Swordtails are livebearers like the Guppy and the Great White Shark. Like both these fish the Swordtail will sometimes eat their own babies. If the Swordtails are kept in a well planted tank without crowding there is more chance of the babies surviving. The gestation period of Swordtails is about 28 days.

For breeding I suggest a ratio of three females to each male. Only the males have the extension of the tail that gives the fish its name. Experiments show that female Swordtails prefer larger males with a longer sword. Many aquarists do as well. Immature males look like females. An early developing male will usually end up as a smaller fish than a late developing male. Before the sword develops the sex can be seen by the developing gonopodium. This is a modification common to others in this group of fish. The Anal fin under the middle of the fish becomes elongated and is used to transfer the packets of sperm, called spermatophores to fertilize the female. The gonopodium is functionally similar to the penis of mammals, but structurally different.

Sex Change

When they get older, some female Swordtails will change into males. Not all these males are fertile, but any babies the 'male' fathers will be female. This ability is hereditary.

Pest Fish

Never release your pet fish or put them in the position of being accidentally released. The Swordtail has got into waterways in several places, and is causing serious problems to the native fish. In parts of the Brisbane River, introduced species make up over 80 percent of the total fish. These are not all Swordtails, but in sections they are the most common fish. In the Brisbane River Swordtails six inches long have been caught.

For an extreme example of the damage introducing other species can do, see http://www.bettatrading.com.au/Lake-Eacham-Rainbowfish-Fact-Sheet.php for an account of the "Extinction" of the lovely Lake Eacham Rainbowfish. There are many fish fact sheets, including ones on all the fish mentioned in this article at http://www.bettatrading.com.au. This web site also has a surprisingly large variety of articles and stories.

A Look at Military Tanks Ability to Cross Very Rough Terrain Areas at High Speeds

Modern armored tactics involve the combined use of infantry and military tanks for ample maneuvers on the battle field, with the elements in the system being included in a mutual support circuit. The first military tanks were used during the world wars and ever since the history of military tactics has changed completely. Each country relies on certain types of military tanks, and though the models and the manufacturers are facts of public knowledge, national security prevents the disclosure of too complex information about the military tanks whereabouts. They were the invention of the British army during World War I and have been imported afterwards at the international scale.

The great advantage military tanks brought is the ability to cross very rough terrain areas at high speeds while also firing. The level of heavy armor that is part of the design ensures a high degree of survivability for the soldiers that operate military tanks in the conditions of breakthroughs in the enemy areas. It is highly uncommon that such special units be used individually; most of the time military tanks are part of armored divisions or combined forces that work together in combat. One main reason for the inadequacy of individual use is the existence of anti-tank artillery, and anti-tank bombs that were created as the main defenses against combat breach creation.

In a top of the most versatile weapons, military tanks occupy a top place due to the ability to cause damage to low ground targets on the battlefield. The current tendency in our society is to invest in less conventional warfare; yet, all countries keep military tanks high in their preferences for defense and offense weaponry. Throughout a century of changes and technological development, military tanks have been improved with every more advanced armored systems, and maintenance costs are anything but low.

Owing to the high protection technologies used in the design of military tanks, such war machines are able to remain undetected on the battlefield; furthermore, they are also pretty difficult to engage and destroy a target given their strategic mobility. However, defense properties cannot be increased at all levels: for instance, higher mobility is achieved by adding less heavy armor. Or on the other hand, advanced armors are used when mobility is not considered a crucial element for the operation. Consequently, thanks to the overwhelming presence on any battlefield, military tanks will continue to be used as long as there are wars to fight.

About the Author

Muna wa Wanjiru Has Been Researching and Reporting on Military Gear for Years. For More Information on Military Tanks, Visit His Site at MILITARY TANKS

New plant bulbs in fish tank. They have developed a white film and little white balls on them. What is this?

We bought some aquarium plant bulbs at Petco. They were in the tank just about a day when the onion plant started getting this ghost like white film on it and now there are little white balls in that film. But no sprouting. A few other bulbs are getting this white film as well. Anyone have any idea what this is? Could it be mold??

its possible that it is mold. It is also possible that your plants were grown emersed and are just changing to the submersed version. Most aquarium plants are grown emersed and then shipped around the world, only to "die" in the aquarists tanks which if you leave it alone for a few days or a couple of weeks everything will be fine. I would say wait and watch the leaves closely if the leaves start to discolour badly or are very soft and mushy then its mold, otherwise its probably just changing forms.

Labour's think tank admits opponents of immigrants were seen as 'nasty and backward'
Opponents of immigration were routinely dismissed as "nasty, stupid and backward" so the Left could promote mass migration, Labour's favourite think tank has admitted.

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