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Fits Copal
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The Basic Of Varnish

Varnish is basically paint without pigment. It is a high-resin-content finish, traditionally based on oil (turpen¬tine) or spirit and using natural gums like copal and benzoin; there is no real advantage in these old-fashioned materials, which are slower drying and less durable than the wide range of synthetic resin var¬nishes on the market.

The most common types available today are polyurethane and marine varnish. Alkyds and vinyls are also used in resin manufacture, although more for the American than the British market. Polyurethanes come in one- or two-pack solutions (the latter are often called lacquers) and are extremely hard and durable, which makes them excellent for household use. Precise¬ly because of their hardness, however, they do have weaknesses; they do not allow the wood to move, and will crack and peel if moisture is absorbed through a chipped edge or any break in the film. They build up very thickly, and give the wood a plastic-like appear¬ance which tends to detract from its beauty. They are also surprisingly difficult to apply well.

Marine or 'spar' varnishes use phenolic resins, and remain comparatively soft and flexible, allowing the wood to expand and contract without cracking. They are designed for exterior use and they tend to yellow with age more than the polyurethanes. Alkyds are less expensive, less durable, but easier to apply and build up smoothly; vinyls are the clearest and dry more quickly than the others, but are not so tough.

Varnishes are applied in much the same way as household paint, and for this reason they have the widest 'non-trade' market. Very little emphasis is given by the manufacturers to the difficulties and demands of good varnish application, which is why badly var¬nished furniture and fittings are often seen in the household; too little attention has been paid to cleaning the work, and using the right brush in the right way.

All the common synthetic varnishes are available in high gloss, satin or matt finishes, but the proportions of resins, and thus the eventual appearance of the finished product, does vary from manufacturer to manufacturer.

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Also learn how to fix plastic laminates and how to repair timber floors

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