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Lens System
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To overcome the differences between the two types of monitoring systems, the designers can employ available on the market IP cameras with built-in recorders or DVRs with network functions often more advanced that those typically embedded in IP cameras. Such mutual complementarity means that both the systems based on analog cameras and DVRs, and those based on IP technology, may be used interchangeably, depending on investor preferences.

There is, however, a feature not available in the systems based on analog cameras and DVRs. This is a much higher resolution of the images. Analog television systems (PAL, NTSC) limit it to maximum 720 x 576 pixels (PAL). It is the maximum number of points of the picture.

With digital technology there is no such restriction. Any image size is possible, if the camera supports it. This way the basic resolution of the image depends only on the parameters of the camera.

As an example let's analyze a parking lot. To be able to read the registration numbers of the vehicles, we need about 130 pixels per one meter of the real size of the observed object, i.e. a car. It follows that, if the parking lot is 50 meters long and the system is analog (720 pixels), there are needed 9 cameras. In the case of cameras with 1.3 Mpix resolution (1280 x 1024) just 5 will do the same, for 2 Mpix cameras - only 4 are required. It is important to note that higher-resolution cameras also cover a larger area vertically.

A smaller number of cameras has many advantages. First of all, it lowers the cost and time of installation and maintenance. After all, each camera requires a lens, housing and bracket. Another argument is demand for transmission channels. In digital systems each device forms a channel regardless of its type. Less cameras also means lower operational costs - it is easier to conduct surveillance with a smaller number of points.

Of course, there is another alternative for megapixel cameras - very popular speed dome/PTZ cameras. With adequate lens, it is even possible to cover the area mentioned above with a single PTZ camera. However, such a solution has many drawbacks. First of all, the camera can be set only in one of two ways:

- The first one provides an overall view, without possibility of recognition of some important details, e.g. the license number of a car. Using optical zoom, we can ensure the capability of identifying details, but at the expense of losing the rest of the scene.

- The second way involves activity of the operator who must decide what is interesting at the moment and focus on that area. In the case of fixed cameras, there is always available a complete picture (set of images), with all events recorded by the system.

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Creative Photography: Choose the Right Lens for the Job

A new digital camera comes with a multitude of features, but one of the first things we consider is the quality and power of the lens. But how many of us really understand what can be acheived by creative use of lenses?.

The difference between a wide angle lens and a telephoto lens is about more than just magnification. To get the most out of your lenses, you also need to understand how they affect depth of field and perspective.

You already know that the telephoto lens enlarges everything in the picture. But did you also know that when you zoom in, or attach your large telephoto lens, you also reduce the depth of field around the subject? This is a great method for eliminating a distracting background from your photo. The result is twofold: the narrow field of view minimizes how much of the background we can see, and the small depth of field ensures it will be completely out of focus.

So when photographing subjects like people and animals, using your telephoto lens (or zooming in with your zoom lens) is often the best approach. The result will be a very three dimensional effect, with the subject appearing to emerge sharp and clear from the blurry background.

On the other hand, your wide-angle lens does just the opposite. It certainly does a lot more than just make everything appear smaller. The wide angle lens takes in (as the name suggests) a much wider angle of view, and it has a much stronger depth of field than a standard or telephoto lens. That means that not only will you see a lot more of the background in your photo, but it will also be much more focused.

Consequently the wide-angle lens is not so good for portrait style photos, because the background is too distracting. On the other hand, it is excellent for landscape pictures, especially when you have objects both in the foreground and background that you need to keep in focus.

The other aspect of your choice of lens is perspective, which is a lot harder to explain without pictures, but I will give it a go.

Have you ever watched a cricket match on television? (If you are from the United States substitute baseball here). You will often see a close-up of the batsman, and notice that the wicket-keeper (shortstop) appears to be standing only a few feet behind him, and that the crowd in the grandstand seems only a short distance further away. When you see a side-on view, you may be surprised to see that the wicket-keeper is standing about ten meters behind the batsman, and of course we know that the grandstand is a good 60 meters or so further back. So what's going on?

The answer is simple. The very large telephoto lens used for the close-up shot tends to make objects at different distances seem much closer to each other than they really are. In short, it compresses the natural perspective, making people separated by some distance appear to be quite close to each other.

This principle also applies to landscape photography. Imagine a scene with a tree in the foreground and a mountain range in the distance. By standing a long way from the tree and shooting it with a telephoto lens, you will also enlarge the mountains in the background. As a result, they will appear much closer to the tree than they really are.

Now imagine taking the same scene with a wide-angle lens. By standing a lot closer to the tree, you can photograph it in such a way that it takes up the same amount of space in the composition. However, by reducing the scene to fit the tree in the frame, you also reduce the background...making it appear much further away than it really is.

In this way, the wide-angle lens does the opposite of the telephoto lens. It exaggerates the perspective, making objects at different distances appear much further apart than they really are.

Put simply, the end result of these two approaches is this; the telephoto lens adds prominence to the background, which will appear relatively large in your photos (albeit with depth of field issues in some cases). The wide-angle lens adds prominence to the foreground, making the background appear much smaller and more distant.

Thus by simply changing your choice of lenses, you can dramatically alter the impact of your photos. Imagine the creative possibilities; you have the power to control how the viewer sees not only your subject, but how it relates to the surroundings at the same time.

This is a tough subject to explain without pictures, but hey - you have a digital camera. Why not step outside right now and try out a few of these ideas. Or if you are feeling lazy, sit down and watch some sport on telly. It may actually teach you something about photography.

About the Author

Andrew Goodall is a professional nature photographer of 20 years experience. He is also an author, teacher and gallery owner. Visit http://www.naturesimage.com.au where you can see Andrew's images and ebooks, and subscribe to the free online newsletter for further tips.

With the FourThirds camera system, does that mean any "fourthirds" lens will work with any "fourthirds" camera?

I have an Olympus E-410 and I know Sigma are a part of the FourThirds system, but I was told in my local camera store (Jessops) that a Sigma lens (which was under the Olympus counter) doesn't work for my camera. Mis-information or Fact? Cheers!

What they are saying with the 4/3 is that all 4/3 manufacturers will be using the same mounting system. Therefore, all of Panasonic's Leica SLR lenses will fit on the Olympus and vice versa. I am not sure whether Tamron or Sigma have 4/3 lenses but Olympus has built its lens line up considerably. If that Sigma lens in Jessops was listed as 4/3, it will fit on an Olympus.

Furnace Monitoring System utilizes thermal imaging technology.
Through small opening in furnace wall, FTI-Eb Borescope uses Land FTI-E thermal imaging camera to accurately profile temperature from over 110,000 individual points. Water-cooled and air-purged camera lens withstands temperatures to 2,192°F and is designed to provide wide-angle view inside furnace. Unaffected by hot CO2 and H2O found in combustion atmospheres, system also features optional auto ...

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