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Pinhole Camera
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Pinhole cameras may just be the simplest type of camera ever invented, and they have been around for a long time now. These cameras are used for art, fun, science, and even surveillance. You probably have one, or know someone who does. But have you ever thought about the mechanism behind a pinhole camera?

Not Your Typical Camera

The pinhole camera is not one of the conventional cameras you're used to in both its form and function. Instead of the typical camera case, a pinhole camera makes use of a light-proof box - matchboxes and cereal boxes will do. And in place of the typical glass lens is a very, very small hole, the size of that created by a pin.

But don't underestimate this cardboard camera. The fact is the results are impressive and sophisticated works of art. The images you get after exposure is a whole lot better than those you get from a conventional camera. It's soft, yet crisp at the same time, and the images have an almost infinite depth of field.

Simple Concept

This simple camera works on an equally simple principle: Pinhole Optics. One side of the box has a miniscule hole. Light from outside the box passes through the hole and an image is formed on one side of the camera.

For you to understand the concept better, imagine being inside a big, dark box. On one side of the room is a small hole and outside the room is a friend holding a flashlight. Now this friend shines the flashlight through the pinhole, at varying angles.

Imagine the wall opposite the hole. On it will be a small dot created by the beam of the flashlight, shining through the hole. As your friend moves the flashlight, the small dot will also move around the wall.

Now, imagine taking this large box outside and pointing it at your garden. On the wall opposite the hole will be a reversed and inverted image of the landscape. Each point in the garden emits light and the beam emitted from the point will pass through the hole, creating its equivalent point of light on the opposite wall.

Every point of the landscape will do these (emitting of light, passing through the hole, and reflecting to the wall) all at the same time so that an entire image is created on the back wall.

The bigger the scene and the smaller the hole will automatically mean a longer process. But this also means better results. The image will of course be dim, as the hole is very small.

Small Camera

The actual pinhole camera comes in many different sizes. But all the same, it is a lot smaller than the box mentioned above. And instead of a bare wall opposite the hole, the pinhole camera makes use of a sort of film. The film, flattened against the wall, records the light or the image that passes through the hole.

The camera creates a nice, in-focus representation of the scene where you point your camera. The exposure time usually lasts from half a second to several hours, much longer than usual exposure time of your conventional camera. This is because the pinhole can only allow so much light to pass through, but the result is definitely worth the wait.

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Pinhole Glasses

Pinhole glasses are also known as Stenopeic glasses. The term was derived from the Greek words meaning “little opening”. They are eyeglasses with a series of pinhole size perforations. Pinhole eyeglasses are not made up of glass at all but of an opaque substance such as metal or plastic. They are modern and affordable alternative to conventional glasses and provide clear vision, as well as they are effective system for exercising the eyes which is an additional advantage of pinholes over conventional glasses as later makes eyes lazy and weaker with time. In the refractive errors such as myopia, hypermetropia (farsightedness), presbiopia (diminished focusing range with age) and astigmatism they can bring about clear vision. They are ideal for elderly people and computer users.

The working of pinhole glasses is similar to a pinhole camera. In a weak eye, the light rays which are entering into eyes do not focus on to same place on the retina and hence blur image is formed. When the pinhole glasses are used then the rays which have same focus on retina enters the eye and hence a clear and natural image is seen. The additional benefit of these glasses includes relaxing effect on eye muscles as the rays entering into eyes are already in the focus and no any effort is required from the eye muscle for the accommodation.

Pinholes are considered as 100% safe and useful for everyone either young or old. Their obvious advantages over the conventional glasses make them more acceptable. They improve vision clarity and resolution, increase object brightness and provide good vision at all distances. Also they are lightweight, durable, attractive and affordable. That is why they got popularity in recent years.

There are two major limitations of the pinhole glasses. One is that blocking of some light diminishes the intensity of light and second is that peripheral vision is diminished. Hence they should not be used while operating machines, driving and other similar activities involving motion. Pinhole glasses have greatly replaced prescription glasses but they can not replace prescription glasses in every situation.

Traditionally, pinhole glasses had flat or slightly curved lenses of plastic with actual holes punched through them. While, modern pinholes have solid, curved lenses of the same clear plastic used for prescription glasses. These lenses provide full ultraviolet protection. Now-a-days many stylish and well-designed pinhole glasses are available in the market to meet the consumers need.

About the Author

Pamela has been writing and publishing articles about health products. She recently came across a website on pinhole glasses which gave information about this old technique of using pinhole glasses for eyesight correction. Here's an article about pinhole glasses.

how do i make a matchbox pinhole camera?

I have a roll of black and white film and i need to make a pinhole camera where i can use the film

There are several useful sites to do this. I've added them to the sources:

French Battlefield Pinhole Camera Shoots Three Rolls of Film Simultaneously [Pinhole Cameras]
# pinholecameras With the name "Battlefield" you'd hope to see a rugged, war-proof camera which could withstand anything. Instead, this pinhole cam looks like it belongs in an art gallery, displaying an example of retro-futurism or something. More »

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