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The function of the microscope is to enlarge objects so as to make them more easily visible to the human eye. Its use in science is unlimited, and to the gemologist the microscope is more important than any other instrument. This is because one of the biggest problems in modern jewelry is the detection of synthetic and imitation stones, and without a microscope the task would be almost impossible.

The detection of imitation stones covers a vast field and the following lines serve only as an introduction. Three out of four of the most valued gem stones can be produced synthetically in the laboratory. These are the ruby, the sapphire, and the emerald. Needless to say, the difference in value between a natural and synthetic stone is enormous, and it is therefore of greatest importance to the jeweler that he can be sure they can be effectively distinguished from each other.

Synthetic rubies made by the flame-fusion process are in all their physical properties almost identical with the natural stone. Chemically, both are crystalline aluminum oxide. The red color is in both cases produced by minute quantities of chromic oxide, and if synthetic and natural rubies are tested for their specific gravity, refractive index, and absorption spectra, the same results occur in both cases. Yet, if they are placed under a microscope, a marked difference between the two is found. What then are these internal telltale features that will enable us to distinguish the real from the synthetic?

Fine curved lines are immediately noticeable that are rather like the grooves of a phonograph record and run through the stone. There are also some black spots interspersed irregularly throughout the gem. The curved lines are known as growth lines, and they are produced during the formation of the synthetic boule and are a certain sign that the stone is synthetic. The black spots represent tiny bubbles of gas, and these, too, were included in the boule during its formation. Gas bubbles and curved growth lines are therefore typical characteristics of synthetic corundum.

But, what does the inside of natural corundum look like under the microscope? Again, there are the curved growth lines in the synthetic stone, but, in the natural one, the growth lines are straight and set at definite angles. This latter feature is an important characteristic of most natural mineral crystals. The microscope can provide all-important clues in the identification of rubies and sapphires.

A gem stone that may set an even bigger problem is the emerald. In this case, synthetic stones are internally also remarkably similar to the natural ones. Fortunately, Chatham's synthetic emeralds do have a lower specific gravity and refractive index than the natural stones, but it is not always possible, if a stone is set in a piece of jewelry, to apply these tests. Here the microscope is useful again.

Natural emerald possesses cer¬tain internal features called inclusions. Some of them take the form of spiky cavities filled with tiny mineral crystals and gas bubbles. Indeed, they are so typical that they can be associated with definite mining localities and thus form an important guide to the origin of some emeralds. Chatham's synthetic emeralds also possess special inclusions, and under the micro¬scope, these look rather like a fine pattern of lace. They actually consist of minute interweaving channels filled with liquid and thus are very different in character from the inclusions of the natural emeralds.

A simple magnifying glass that enlarges ten times can also be a valuable aid in the identification of some gem stones. Thus, a colorless zircon might well be confused with a real diamond, but if both are carefully examined with a hand lens by looking through the top of the stone at the rear facets, everything at the back of the zircon will appear double, thus revealing its strong light-splitting property.

Since a diamond belongs to the cubic crystal system, letting light rays pass through without splitting them, the double image will not be shown by it. This is one simple test that immediately distinguishes between these two gem stones. There is one direction along the so-called optic axis of a double-refractive stone where the light rays are not split and the doubling effect cannot be seen. It is therefore wise to tilt the gem a little when examining it with a lens to insure that the optic axis does not lie at right angles to the table facet.

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How to fix Black Level (lens flare) problems on 55" Rear Projection Philips TV?

Hello,

I have a Philips 55" Rear Projection Widescreen TV. I have had this TV for 5 years and it works fairly well. I have noticed that the black level has diminished in the recent past. Basically when something light is on the screen next to something dark you can see a halo effect of whitish areas around the light object on the screen. It is most pronounced when the contrast is the highest between a light object and a dark object. Upon doing a little research it seems that my problem revolves around lens flare. I found a site http://www.dgibbons.members.sonic.net/essay7.html that describes how to fix this problem and was hoping I could get some insight from somebody before I attempted to fix this problem. I am a little weary because overall the picture is good and I don't want to make my problem any larger. Any advice would be greatly appreciated.

Thanks,
Paul

Its a crappy tv. Very surprized it has lasted 5 years.

It probably has contaminated coolant in the picture tubes. Thats what philips is most known for.

I read the article; but your gonna mess it up trying to do so.

ROTC students honored at ceremony
Army Cadet Joseph Webb stood at attention on Friday, eyes front.He could not offer a traditional salute — his right arm was in acast. He’d broken his wrist in a bike crash two weeks earlier.

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