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Brainstorming, in its essence, involves the use of what is called lateral thinking to come up with new, out of the box solutions to problems. This type of thinking has been around almost as long as man has but only recently has the term been coined for use in brainstorming. In the modern era, the phrase was first used by Dr. Edward de Bono in 1967 in a book called "The Use of Lateral Thinking". His definition of this brainstorming term is very complex, but basically the goal of lateral thinking is to creatively and totally break out of conventional patterns of thinking.

Conventional thinking, or vertical thinking, is what we use more than 99 percent of the time. It almost always prevents effective brainstorming. It is the opposite of lateral thinking. When confronted with a problem all of us have preconceived rational, logical ways of coming up with a solution. Using deductive logic we pare away all those things that don't apply to the problem. Step by linear step we go from problem to solution. We apply conventional standards of right and wrong along the way. Usually we also inject a heavy dose of what is called "common sense". The solution that we come up with is usually conventional, dry, predictable, societally determined and often simply doesn't work. Because the problems we deal with are usually the results of our individual or societal way of thinking using that same thinking to generate a solution often just makes things worse. As Dr. de Bono has said, "You cannot dig a hole in a different place by digging the same hole deeper".

So how do we break out of the box and start thinking laterally? It isn't as easy as it sounds. The psychological inertia created by vertical thinking is extremely difficult to redirect. However, there are several brainstorming techniques that have been developed specifically to stimulate lateral thinking.

Fractionation is a brainstorming method that takes a problem and divides it into fractions or segments. The individual parts to the problem are then considered separately. The segments don't need to make sense or be logical. Segments can also overlap. The idea is to breakdown the individual segments laterally rather than take on the complete problem all at once. We want to avoid the mental rut of facing the entire problem all at once. Once the individual segments are considered they can be pieced back together much like a patchwork quilt. The solutions created in this way are often radical, beautiful and very effective.

Reversal is another way to stimulate lateral thinking while brainstorming. Consider the situation as the reverse or opposite of what it is. If the problem suddenly didn't exist what would things be like? Problems often exist because of the perspective that we take. So take on the opposite perspective and see what it looks like from there. Often a breakthrough to a solution will occur by using this brainstorming method.

Another lateral thinking method is to use analogies. An analogy is an almost identical situation that is just different enough to trigger or jar you into a different way of looking at the original problem.

Random provocation is a brainstorming method used in particularly stubborn cases. It is literally a word play game where you throw out random single words from almost any source. The words don't have to be relevant to the issue at hand. The idea is to jolt you off your track and force you to think laterally.

None of these methods of brainstorming is easy. But this should not come as a surprise, since lateral thinking tries to change the way we think.

Michael Russell
Your Independent guide to Brainstorming

Health Through Reverse Osmosis is a Falsehood

Companies that sell home reverse osmosis systems claim that they remove 99% of the harmful contaminants in your drinking water. The truth is that they cannot remove chemicals like chlorine, unless additional steps are used.

Home reverse osmosis systems only block things that are "heavier" than water or things that have a molecular structure larger than water. We have seen individual bloggers and company websites making claims of better health through reverse osmosis. But, the truth is that the only health benefit of reverse osmosis lies in the area of kidney dialysis.

Home reverse osmosis systems are only needed if your water comes straight from a stream or river and then you will still need to use additional steps to make the water safe to drink. Some sort of disinfection method, usually chlorine, needs to be used or bacteria that cause gastrointestinal illnesses will still be present.

We have seen people suggest home reverse osmosis systems to pregnant women. They suggest that you can protect your health through reverse osmosis filtration. That's just not the whole story.

To repeat, home reverse osmosis systems are not the end all be all. They are simply one step in the water purification process. If your drinking water comes from a treatment facility, it has likely already undergone reverse osmosis or a similar process.

Micron filtration is an improvement over home reverse osmosis systems. Particles that would pass through a reverse osmosis membrane are trapped by micron filtration. Instead of health through reverse osmosis, you could end up will illnesses due to reverse osmosis, unless you have a complete system.

Home reverse osmosis systems are expensive and wasteful. The planet cannot achieve health through reverse osmosis and neither can we. The best units waste 5 gallons of water for every one gallon that is filtered.

The water that comes out of home reverse osmosis systems is unnatural, so when it goes back into the environment, it changes the content and composition of the ground water.

There are many industrial applications for reverse osmosis. Since the systems de-mineralize water, it can be used for film processing and printing. When treatment facilities need to desalinize or remove salt from ocean or brackish water, reverse osmosis is the system of choice.

If you own your own island, home reverse osmosis systems are the right choice. Of course, most of us get our water from a treatment facility or a private well. Owning an island is just a fantasy.

Sea creatures that inhabit aquariums and man-made reefs can achieve health through reverse osmosis. Because the system can be used to take minerals out and leave salt in. There just is no way for people to achieve health through reverse osmosis. We need those trace minerals that the system filters out. The things that we do not need in our water are chemicals and chlorine.

Hopefully, you see that home reverse osmosis systems are not the right choice for most people. You can have better health by installing a good water filtration system, but you cannot achieve better health through reverse osmosis.

About the Author

Larry L. Taylor is a dedicated advocate of living a healthy lifestyle and diligent researcher of water purification systems. Visit his site at: http://www.CleanWaterPure.com to discover which water filtration systems Larry recommends after extensive comparisons.

Will Kodak TXR-464 Tri-X Reversal Black & White Super 8 Movie Film work in a Kodak Brownie 8 Movie Camera?

secondly, how do you find the correct exposure?
I dug up an old camera and want to try it.

Nope, while it is similar in size, the sprocket holes are different. You may be able to find film somewhere that would work (your camera is 30+ years old), but expect the costs to be high, ditto the developing. Sometimes on Ebay someone will sell old film, but odds are the color would be way off.

Polanski slams U.S. extradition bid
LOS ANGELES, May 3 (UPI) -- Film director Roman Polanski, who is under house arrest in Switzerland, says the United States wants to extradite him to "serve me on a platter to the media."

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