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Russian Ussr
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Francina "Fanny" Elsje Blankers-Koen won four gold medals in the 100m (11,9s), 200m (24,4s), 80m hurdles (11,2s / world record) and 4x100m relay (47,5s) at the 1948 Olympic Games in London. In the 1930s and 1940s,she set 33 national records and 12 world records. Fanny finished 6th in the high jump at the 1936 Olympics in Germany. She also won 5 European titles. This great woman was born on April 26, 1918 in Lage Vuursche, Holland.

The American Virgin Islands sent 2 sportswomen to the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary (Canada).

The Soviet Union -currently Russia- won the FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship in Paris (France) in 1956. Final standings: 1.USSR; 2.Romania; 3.Poland; 4.Czechoslovakia; 5.Bulgaria; 6.China; 7.North Korea; 8.East Germany; 9.USA; 10.Holland.

Nancy Vallecilla (Ecuador) finished 28th in the 100m hurdles at the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul, the capital city of South Korea. In the 1970s and 1980s, she was one of the best female athletes of South America.

The team of Norway won the second edition of the FIFA Women's World Cup. Led by Ann-Kristin Aarones ( the best football player), Norway defeated Germany 2-0 in the final.

The Peruvian women's volleyball team won the silver medal at the 1987 Pan American Games in Indianapolis (Indiana, USA). The silver medalists were: Diana Uriol, Gabriela Perez del Solar Cuculiza, Janeth Vasconsuelos, Luisa Cervera, Alejandra de la Guerra, Cecilia Tait Villacorta, Rosa Garcia, Denisse Fajardo,Gina Torrealba, Natalia Malaga, Sonia Heredia. They were coached by Man Bok Park (South Korea), one of the best coaches of the world.

The Australian women's field hockey team won the gold medal at the 1994 World Cup. Final standings: 1.Australia; 2.Argentina; 3.USA; 4.Germany; 5.South Korea; 6.Holland; 7.China; 8.Spain; 9.England; 10.Canada; 11.Ireland; 12.Russia.

Lida Fariman was the flag bearer of the Iranian Olympic team at the 1996 Olympic Games. Who is Lida? She is one of the best shooters of Iran.

The U.S. women's basketball team won the FIBA World Championship in 1957. This was its second successive world title. Final standings: 1.USA; 2.USSR; 3.Czechoslovakia; 4.Brazil; 5.Hungary; 6.Paraguay; 7.Chile; 8.Mexico; 9.Argentina; 10.Australia; 11.Peru; 12.Cuba.

Israel sent 8 sportswomen to the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles (California,USA).

Ghada Shouaa is regarded by the Syrian Olympic Committeee as the first Syrian Olympic champion. Ghada finished first in the heptathlon at the 26th Olympic Games in the United States. She was ranked first in the world having competed at the IAAF World Championship in 1995, where she won a gold medal. Like Hassiba Boulmerka (Algeria/ Olympic gold medalist, 1992) and Nawal El Moutawakel (Morocco/ Olympic gold medalist, 1984), she is one of the greatest Arab female athletes of all time. Ghada was born on September 10, 1972 in Muhardeh (Syria).

The Russian women's handball team won the World Championship in 2001. There were 24 teams. Final standings: 1.Russia; 2.Norway; 3.Yugoslavia; 4.Denmark; 5.France; 6.Hungary; 7.Austria; 8.Sweden; 9.China; 10.Holland; 11.South Korea; 12.Italy; 13.Slovenia; 14.Spain; 15.Angola (Africa); 16.Brazil; 17.Romania; 18.Ukraine; 19.Tunisia; 20.Japan; 21.Macedonia; 22.Congo (Africa); 23.Uruguay; 24.Greenland (Danish territory).

Diane Bui-Duyet (New Caledonia/ French territory) was named as the female swimmer of the South Pacific Games in 2007. She had a big performance in the 100m butterfly.

Nigeria sent six female athletes to the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich (West Germany).

Brazil is one of the best volleyball teams of the world. It has notable volleyball players such as Isabel Barroso Alencar, Ana Mozer, Marcia Cunha, Fernanda Venturini, Ericleia Bonziack, Vera Mossa and Sandra Survagy.

History:

1951: South American Championship-1st place

1955: Pan American Games-3rd place

1956: South American Championship-1st place

1958: South American Championship-1st place

1959: Pan American Games-1st place

1960: World Championship-5th place

1961: South American Championship-1st place

1962: South American Championship-1st place ; World Championship-8th place

1963: Pan American Games-1st place

1967: Pan American Games-4th place

1969: South American Championship-1st place

1970: World Championship-13rd place

1973: World Cup-9th place; South American Championship-2nd place

1974: World Championship-16th place

1975: Pan American Games-5th place; South American Championship-2nd place

1977: South American Championship-2nd place

1978: World Championship-7th place

1979: Pan American Games-3rd place; South American Championship-2nd place

1980: Olympic Qualification Tournament-3rd place; Olympic Games-7th place

1981: World University Games-3rd place; South American Championship-1st place; World Cup-8th place

1982: World Championship-6th place

1983: World University Games-1st place; South American Championship-2nd place; Pan American Games-4th place

1984: Olympic Games-7th place

1985: World Cup-6th place; South American Championship-2nd place

1986: World Championship-5th place

1987: Pan American Games-4th place; World Junior Championship-1st place ; South American Championship-2nd place

1988: Olympic Qualification Tournament-2nd place; Olympic Games-6th place

1989: South American Championship-2nd place; World Junior Championship-1st place

1990: World Championship-7th place

1991: South American Championship-1st place; Pan American Games-2nd place; World Cup-8th place

1992: Olympic Games-4th place

1993: South American Championship-2nd place

1994: World Championship-2nd place

1995: World Cup-2nd place; South American Championship-1st place; Pan American Games-6th place

1996: Olympic Games-3rd place

1997: World Cup-3rd place; South American Championship-1st place

1998: World Championship-4th place

1999: Pan American Games-1st place; World Cup-3rd place; South American Championship-1st place

2000: Olympic Games-3rd place

2001: South American Championship-1st place; World Junior Championship-1st place

2002: World Championship-7th place

2003: World Cup-2nd place; Pan American Games-4th place; World Junior Championship-1st place

2004: Olympic Games-4th place

2005: World Cup-1st place; World Junior Championship-1st place

2006: World Championship-2nd place; American Cup-1st place

2007:World Cup-2nd place; Pan American Games-2nd place; World Junior Championship-1st place ; American Cup-2nd place

Alejandro Guevara Onofre: He is a freelance writer.Alejandro is of Italian, African and Peruvian ancestry.He has published more than seventy-five research paper in English, and more than twenty in Spanish, concerning the world issues, olympic sports, countries, and tourism. His next essay is called "The Dictator and Alicia Alonso".He is an expert on foreign affairs.Alejandro is the first author who has published a world-book encyclopedia in Latin America.

He admires Frida Kahlo (Mexican painter), José Gamarra (former president of the Bolivian Olympic Committee ,1970- 1982), Hillary Clinton (ex-First Lady of the USA), and Jimmy Carter (former President of the USA). Alejandro said: "The person who I admire the most is José Gamarra . He devoted his professional and personal life to sport. José played an important role in the promotion of Olympism in Bolivia -it is one of the Third World`s poorest countries- and Latin America. His biography is interesting".The sportspeople he most admire is Olympic volleyball player Flo Hyman. "This African-American sportswoman is my idol..."

Sambo, The Unique And Effective Russian Fighting Art.

Developed in the former Soviet Union and recognized as an official sport by the USSR All-Union Sports Committee in 1938, Sambo is a modern martial art. It is most definitely a combat sport and also a self defense system. Sometimes referred to in the USA as Sombo, Sambo literally means "self-defense without a weapon" and has its roots in folk styles of wrestling like Mongolian Khapsagay, Armenian Koch and Georgian Chidaoba.

Although there is no real recognized founder of Sambo, Anatoly Kharlampiev is often officially stated as being the founder. Vasili Oshchepkov, who was shot during the political purges of 1933, and Viktor Spiridonov, due to a shoulder injury during the Russo-Japanese war, used Sambo as a soft, aikido-like system.

Sambo is one of the four styles of amateur wrestling practiced today, the other three are Greco-Roman wrestling, Freestyle wrestling and Judo. FILA accepted Sambo as the 3rd style of international wrestling in 1968. In 1985, the Federation International Amateur Sambo (FIAS) was formed. Sambo was a demonstration sport at the 1980 Moscow Olympics but due to the large number of boycotts that affected the games, numbers were insufficient for Sambo to be included in further games.

Originally a single system, there are now four recognized styles of Sambo. Borba Sambo or Sport Sambo is very similar to Judo or wrestling, but unlike Judo, allows leg locks but choke holds are forbidden. Self-defense Sambo is much like jujitsu or Aikido and works on the basis of defense against attacks armed and unarmed. Boyevoye Sambo or Combat Sambo was developed for the military and included the use of weapons and uses disarming techniques. Competition in these styles is like the older Judo combined with mixed martial arts with grappling and striking used extensively. The last style is Special Sambo, which was developed for the Special Forces of the Army and the Rapid Reaction Police and different branches of the service use different techniques. Those who participate in Sambo competitions normally wear either a red or blue jacket called a kurtka, a belt and shorts of the same color and Sambo shoes called sambovki.

Russian martial arts differ from those of the east in that they are not so much based on techniques but are based on training concepts. In Eastern martial arts, the instruction is through rehearsing moves and techniques where as in Sambo and other Russian forms, they are taught to use improvisation but within a certain structure. Students of this style are taught that pain is a penalty for an incorrect move and when you stop getting hurt, you are doing it right.

Today there are Sambo schools and teachers worldwide and the sports popularity has grown immensely in recent years.

About the Author

Yoshi I Kundagawa is a freelance journalist. He covers the mixed martial arts industry. For a free report on
Sambo
visit his blog.

Were the majority of the members of Communist parties (in the USSR) ethnic Russians?

Were most of the members of the Communist parties of Estonia, Latvia, Poland, Hungary, ect ethnic Russians?

I'm specifically referring to Estonia, but I assume the same generally applies to all occupied countries.

I'm trying to make the point that ethnic Russians were favored in the status quo in the Baltic countries~

As far as membership in the communist party in the USSR goes, there is no evidence that majority of members in Baltic republics were ethnic Russians.

During years when Baltic countries were under USSR, there were mass deportations of ethnic Estonians and Latvians and reverse migration of (mostly) Russians from other parts of the Soviet Union, which may be related to what you're studying. That, however, was part of Stalin's purges and by itself had little to do with communist party membership.

Poland and Hungary do not belong here - they were never part of USSR and didn't have any significant Russian populations to begin with.

And membership in communist party in the USSR was common, but not mandatory. Only 10% of adult population were members in 1986.

Russian PM Putin Orders Arctic Cleanup
Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has ordered that a million abandoned barrels of Soviet-era fuel be removed from the Arctic because they are polluting the environment.

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