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Using Filters - For Photography and Photographers

Filters can be used for making the smallest corrections to the colour of your pictures - or to transform your shots with outlandish special effects

If you're travelling, the amount of space you can afford for accessories is small. But although filters are rarely essential, they are extremely portable, and can have a dramatic result on your pictures. Most filters are designed to fit on the end of the lens - either screwing directly into the thread of the lens itself (round filters) or slotting into an adaptor which screws onto the lens (square filters). Square filters have the advantage that they can be changed quickly, and can be used on several different-sized lenses. Some digital cameras offer a range of electronic effects, which mimic the function of a filter.

A useful all-round filter is the skylight, which cuts out some of the UV glare found in coastal or mountainous areas whilst warming the colour of the shot slightly. A fitted skylight can be left on the lens to protect the front element from dirt and damage.

Filters can be divided into three broad groups. Colour correction filters are used with slide film, and alter the overall colour balance for different lighting types. Filters for black-and-white pictures are strongly coloured to increase contrast or change the tonal balance. Most other filters are designed to have a pictorial effect over the image.

Multi-image filters

These lens attachments create a kaleidoscopic image of the scene in front of you - multiplying the subject a number of times. Different filters provide different numbers of images. Of limited use, as results are repetitive.

Solid colour filters

Filters with uniform, bright colours are usually reserved for use with black-and-white pictures, altering the relative strengths of different tones, and providing dramatic cloudscapes. But they can occasionally be used with colour scenes.

Polarisers

A polariser is one of the most desirable filters to take with you as it has so many uses. It can reduce reflections from glass and water. It can boost the colour of painted and shiny surfaces. It can be used to beef up the colour of the sky. You alter the effect's intensity by rotating the filter.

Soft-focus filters

Soft-focus filters are designed to give a dreamy, misty feeling to shots - helping to create romantic mood or a feeling of nostalgia.

Graduated filters

Graduates are particularly useful when faced with a large expanse of featureless sky adding colour to just one half of the scene. The strength of colour and steepness of graduation increases with wider lenses and smaller apertures. Natural-looking or neutral colours, such as blue and grey, are the most useful.

Warm-up filter

Warm filters add a yellow or orange tint to a picture. This takes away the blueness of a misty day or a mountain panorama. It can also be used to give portrait subjects a stronger suntan.

Starburst and diffractors

Starburst filters have an etched grid, which turns bright lights in a scene into stars.

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Why would you use a neutral density filter to get this effect?

Take a look at this photo.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/djwestwood/2399897707/

The photographer claims to have used a neutral density filter to darken the sky. I thought polarizers did this. What is it that I don't understand?

David f is bang on the money Tutuhop, so I'll try to add a little info which may be of interest... you always seem to ask interesting questions.

I hope I am not being too pedantic if I mention that the ND is not a coloured filter though - it is neutral density, which means it is a neutral grey that adds density (darkness) to an image without otherwise impacting the colour, or in this case a specific area of an image.

The obviousness of a graduated filter effect can generally be made more subtle if you use a wider aperture and a longer lens, f4 or wider on a standard portrait lens would help to reduce the clear line you see a little. I like the shot actually and think the criticism is a little hard - you either like it or not and I reckon it's an effective image.

There are also special ND grad filters that have a built-in jagged edge which work spectacularly well at losing this fairly clearly defined filter effect, making a much more natural result. I recall one by Pro4 being very popular with social photographers. If you used one of these at f4 or f2.8 you'd get a very natural-looking result.

You can also get a similar effect if you shoot on Raw and then make 2 versions of the same image, one at the overal correct exposure and one underexposed to pull back the sky. If you overlay one over the other you can then selectively erase to get a more subtle and refined effect.

Polarisers work slightly differently, although the results look reasonably similar in terms of darkening skies, as our friend above said this would have primarily effected the sky and possibly the reflections on the water - but only if it was used at the correct angle to the sun, otherwise there could have been little or no difference in the final result.

I don't understand Brian's comment - it's quite clear which image areas are being effected by the ND grad in this case. You get the exposure right and use manual for your camera setting when using flash. After that you add flash at the required level. In this case it looks like it's primarily a flash exposure of the swan with the background saturated, i.e. underexposed at around -1 stop.

If I am using this technique I either use the flash at a level matching the aperture and ISO setting - or at -0.5. If there are any minor tweaks to exposure required I can then make them to my Raw file. If possible I meter the flash to make sure it is not being fooled by the ambient light so I can get it spot on in the first place...

Hope that helps - happy shooting!

Astronomy Without A Telescope – Astronomy On Ice
Well, here's a bit of a first for AWAT, because this is a story about a telescope. But it's not your average telescope, being composed of a huge chunk of Antarctic ice with a very large cosmic ray muon filter attached to the back of it, which is called the Earth. Commenced in 2005, the IceCube [...]

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