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Imagine a city, which is geographically isolated from its country by foreign states. Kaliningrad is one of them. It's a Russian city, located on the east coast of the Baltic sea and enclosed by members of both the EU and NATO - Lithuania and Poland in the center of the Europe.

It makes its population of Kaliningrad isolated from other territories of Russia. So, residents of Kaliningrad need to apply for foreign passports and visas in order to travel by land to visit their Saint Petersburg relatives.

This city has a history where word "former" was used too often. It was a former Soviet Union city, a former Nazi German city, a part of the Weimar republic, part of the German Empire, a former capital of the East Prussian Kingdom, a Prussian Duchy, and home to the Teutonic Knights Order state.

Originally, the territory was inhabited by both Prussian and Goth tribes. Pagan tribes were Christianized after a series of campaigns initiated by Roman Catholic crusaders led by Teutonic knights. The invasion lasted more than 50 years. Native tribes fought hard. The surviving Prussian independent population from the Prussian Crusade was gradually Germanized. The Teutonic Order ruled Prussia as a monastic state with the head being the Grand Master.

Colonists from all over the former Roman Empire immigrated to the new state. There were mostly Germans, Dutch, Poles and Flemish. A strong, urban country was built. One of the largest cities had the name Konigsberg. It was set up in 1255.

After World War II, the city was allocated at the Potsdam Conference from Germany to Soviet Union. All the German population was evacuated from the territory and resettled back to Germany. The region was colonized by inhabitants from various Soviet Union republics.

Now, Kaliningrad has become the central city within the Kaliningrad region. It's an ice-free port, the only Russian port located on the Baltic Sea. The name Kaliningrad was given from Mikhail Kalinin, former Soviet Chairman of the All-Union Executive Committee, former chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and member of the Politburo. In 1946 he died. Following his death, the former German city was renamed in his honor.

The changeable history of the city influenced it's architecture. Visitors can see a unique combination of architectural styles in the city. Here, you can see a medieval gothic cathedral neighboring Soviet betony buildings. Fundamental Nazi Reich architecture can be found near an Orthodox cathedral in Byzantium style on a French-influenced Square. Metal-and-glass constructions try to compete with German neoclassical buildings from end of the 19th -beginning of 20th centuries.

The population of Kaliningrad was formed from colonists from all over the Soviet Union Republics, mostly Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Lithuanians. The government invited the population to the empty and destroyed city after World War II. Many benefits, including free land were promised to the new inhabitants.

To learn more about Kaliningrad and all its history, attractions and legends, please visit http://www.kaliningradcastles.com - At Kaliningrad Castles, you will find interesting information about Konigsberg Castle, Kaliningrad travel tips and more.

The Russian Guitar: An Instrument Of The People

In comparison with the rest of its family, the Russian guitar has a relatively short history. While the Europe has been enjoying the melodious sounds of the guitar in one form or another since the 14th century, the guitar did not find its way to Mother Russia until the end of the 18th century, nearly 400 years later. However, once it arrived, it found a warm welcome, and the guitar has since become an established facet of Russian culture. Interestingly, its story has been inextricably linked with the politics of the country, and the instrument's popularity has risen and fallen with the times.

Firstly, the Russian guitar is different from the classical, or Spanish, guitar. The main and most important difference is that the Russian guitar, or semistrunnaya gitara, has seven strings as opposed to the classical instrument's six. There are also versions with two necks and 11 or 12 strings, but these are less common. The instrument is traditionally played without a pick, using fingers for either strumming or picking. Its invention is attributed to Andrei Sychra, who was born in the late 18th century and wrote over one thousand compositions during his lifetime.

Prior to the revolution of 1917, the Russian guitar was far more common and popular in Russia than the Spanish guitar. Its popularity was at its height during the later half of the 19th century, which may be at least partially attributed to the popularity of "city romance" songs at the time. It was during this period that peasants from the country were flocking to the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, and these songs, which were guitar oriented and touched upon the life of the common man, were in keeping with the social movement. However, during the early Soviet eras of Lenin and Stalin, such music was considered bourgeois and fell into disfavor. The old Russian school of guitar, however, continued to be strong and the seven-stringed instrument persisted.

Although the Spanish guitar has gained some popularity in Russia over the past hundred years, especially in genres such as jazz and rock and roll, the Russian guitar continues to be the norm. The emergence of Russian bard music, or music written outside of the Soviet establishment, helped combat the influence of the Spanish instrument. This genre emerged in the 1960s, and its music relied heavily on the same techniques originally used in the "city romance" songs 50 years previously. Such music, and the Russian guitars it required, helped prevent Russian culture from being overrun by Western musical influences like the Beatles and Elvis Presley.

Up until the late 1970s, Soviet guitar factories continued to produce only seven-stringed instruments. Manufacturers began a gradual switchover at that point and today, both types of instrument are available in Russia. The Russian guitar continues to be popular in its homeland, however, probably due to its flexibility, the relative simplicity of some basic chords and the ease of playing alternating bass lines. In fact, the appeal of the Russian guitar is so strong that Russian emigre guitarists living in western countries have been known to modify six string acoustic guitars to seven string instruments.

About the Author

Victor Epand is an expert consultant for guitars, drums, keyboards, sheet music, guitar tab, and home theater audio. You can find the best marketplace at these sites for guitars, Russian guitar, sheet music, guitar tabs, and home theater audio.

Are there any websites on Russian/Soviet Military Air Crashes or Accident Data/Statistics?

I am an trying to find websites on information or Lists of losses of Soviet/Russian Military Aircraft both Air Force and Navy due to operational Crashes and Combat since 1946.

try this:

for aircraft:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Aviation_accidents_and_incidents_in_Russia

Navy:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Maritime_incidents_in_Russia

check it out,might it help u

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