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The Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, founder of the TM technique for meditation, died on Tuesday, February 5, 2008. His teachings on meditation influenced the Beatles, Deepok Chopra, and millions of others. Universities have been established throughout the world, all built upon a foundation of meditation. What is the reason for how widely his teachings spread? Is his meditation technique truly a unique and effective method for pursuing personal development and body mind healing?

Hindu Yogic Philosophies form the Basis

It is not uncommon in Hindu spiritual traditions for there to be a guru who provides spiritual direction for devotees. Oftentimes the guru has developed a meditation technique that they have found works well and which they teach their disciples. While there is some variation in the details, the meditation basically follows a standard formula of focusing on a single point - which can be a visual point, your breathing, or a specific sound or mantra - to the exclusion of everything else. TM is no different. A guru, the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, basically directs the teachings and meditation technique.

Another benefit of studying at the feet of a guru is that sometimes he or she will provide a mantra for you to use in your meditation or japa practice. Normally, it takes a high number of repetitions before you can build up a significant amount of spiritual energy in the mantra. But a mantra provided by a guru carries a high level of spiritual power to begin with, giving you a type of head start. In the Maharishi's process, the student is given a mantra which is supposed to be "in tune with" the student. It was the student's own personal mantra that was not to be revealed to anyone else. In other guru-disciple arrangements, the mantra transmitted to the disciple is also to be kept private in order to show respect for the gift.

The Power of Mantra Meditation

Mantra repetition is an incredibly effective form of meditation. There is something about the internal focus that draws one into a deeper state of relaxation almost instantaneously.

Out of respect for the tradition, I won't reveal any personal mantras, but I will share some common ones that many people use in japa or meditation:

• Om: The universal sound
• Om namah shivaya: Om to Shiva
• Om shri rama jaya rama jaya jaya rama: Om to Rama and Sita, Victory to Rama
• Om mani padme om: The jewel of consciousness is in the heart's lotus.

Any of these can be used in meditation with excellent results. It turns out that the mantras provided by teachers under the Maharishi are what Eastern traditions refer to as "Bija", or seed, mantras. These are monosyllabic sounds that don't have a direct meaning but are believed to carry spiritual power within the vibration of the sound.

The internet does not lack for sources of meditation instructions and techniques, but here are some basics, which incidentally are consistent with the TM technique:

1. Sit in a comfortable position, with back straight.
2. Take a couple of deep breaths.
3. Close your eyes and begin repeating the mantra.
4. Always focus your attention on the mantra. If you notice that your mind has wandered, gently bring its attention back to the mantra. Continue doing this throughout the duration of the meditation.

There are several schools of thought on how long you need to meditate to achieve results and advance in spiritual wisdom. I heard the Dalai Lama once say that five minutes is good, while other teachers say 30 minutes is a minimum. The more you repeat mantras, the greater the effect they have on your spiritual growth. Mantras should be repeated a minimum of 108 times - which is about 3 minutes - but most teachers recommend as many as 1000 repetitions. I've found that this corresponds to meditating for 20-30 minutes. Interestingly, the Maharishi proscribes meditating for 20 minutes twice a day.

So, basically, everything that the Maharishis teaches in terms of the actual practice can be found in the meditation instructions of other groups and spiritual teachings.

So is there any advantage to the Maharishi's Technique?

Recognizing that TM is itself not a new technique or practice does not mean that the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi has brought nothing to the table. I believe in the value of meditation, and the Maharishi has been one of the foremost people who has spread it to the West with extraordinary success. He explained it using scientific terms and avoided discussing its Hindu origins, thereby encouraging the western mind to embrace its practice.

There have been negative aspects to the movement, as there is with any movement where the followers place the leader and even the organization on a pedestal to the point of exhibiting cult-like behaviors. There is also the matter of how expensive the lessons are, and the educational offerings go on and on with their associated fees.

But the basic techniques offer the same benefits as other meditation practices - relaxation, increased awareness of consciousness, and healing of body and mind.

Chris Campa has been studying various forms of spirituality for decades, and provides a unique perspective on the spiritual wisdom found in many spiritual traditions. Visit his website and gain insights on rational mysticism in the 21st century.

Standard Tests for Carpet Tiles

Specifying floor covering for a commercial application requires at least a passing understanding of how it will perform in the workplace.Unfortunately, markings like "contract quality" or "heavy domestic" are open to interpretation, making it difficult for the specifier to make an informed decision.

Simon Lawrence of UK carpet tile specialist, Bürofloor, offers some insight into the standard tests that can be applied to carpet that has to perform - and last – in the punishing commercial environment.

Commercial premises place heavy performance requirements on any sort of floor covering. When coffee gets spilt at home there’s an immediate flurry of mopping and spraying with stain remover. In the workplace it’s more likely to be ignored and then walked on by unwiped outdoor shoes. Your sofa at home gets moved when you need to remove dust or dinky toys from underneath it. The castor chairs in your office travel miles, boring holes in the carpet tiles as they do so.

This means that we need a benchmark by which we can judge the suitability of carpet or carpet tiles for commercial contract use. Fortunately there are standardised tests to provide Euronorm (EN) and International Standards Organisation (ISO) certification. Genuine heavy contract products should carry the standards described here.

ISO 8543 – Effective Pile Weight

Carpet tiles need dense, closely-grouped pile to provide the required wear resistance. To provide a standard for this, ISO 8543 specifies a method of shaving the carpet down to its backing. It simply measures the mass of the pile removed in grams per square metre. In general, the greater the pile mass, the harder-wearing will be the carpet tile.

ISO 1765 – Total thickness

This is another relatively simple test. In this case the carpet tile is compressed by a standard weight, and then its thickness is measured to the nearest 0.1mm.

EN 1963 – Lisson Treadwheel Test

This test measures the carpet’s resistance to scuffing, in particular highlighting how strongly the pile tufts are secured. The treadwheel is positioned above the carpet to be tested and rolled to and fro across the sample 400 times. The wheel turns slightly faster than it moves across the carpet creating a severe scuffing effect. The tested carpet sample is compared to the master samples and is rated accordingly. This is a particularly aggressive test, literally ripping some types of carpet tile to shreds. A pass under EN1963 is a strong indicator of good wear resistance.

ISO 10361 – Accelerated Wear Testing

This standard is particularly relevant for carpet tiles that will be used in an office. It’s composed of two tests, the Vetterman drum test and the castor chair test.

Vetterman Drum Test

The Vetterman Drum Test is intended to simulate heavy, focused footfall. Foot traffic tends to be concentrated around doorways or narrow passages between desks, and these areas can quickly become threadbare.

The carpet for testing is fixed inside a revolving metal drum. A heavy (7.5Kg) ball, covered in hard rubber protrusions, is placed inside the drum and is allowed to bounce around freely. The carpet is subjected to two test programmes, one of 5,000 rotations of the drum and one of 22,000 rotations.

The carpet is then visually judged against master wear samples and is given a rating for how well it has withstood the effects of the test.

The visual inspections of the carpet give results from 1 to 5 for both 5,000 and 22,000 rotations and the final result is a combination of the two results according to the formula below;

Total Result = 0.75 x Result after 5,000 rotations + 0.25 x result after 22,000 rotations

A result of 2 or more is a pass

A result of 2.4 or more is a pass for intensive use

Castor Chair Test

Castor chairs are particularly damaging, and the ragged holes they wear in floor coverings can represent a tripping hazard. The results of this test should be an essential part of the office carpet specification.

The test rig rolls a three-castored chair, carrying a weight of 90kg, across the carpet. Two samples are used, one run for 5,000 and one for 25,000 cycles.

The tested samples are visually assessed against standard samples and are rated on a scale of 1-5. The final result for the test is given according to the formula below;

Total Result = 0.75 x Result after 5,000 rotations + 0.25 x result after 25,000 rotations

ISO/DIS 10965 – Electrical Resistance

This test is particularly important for contract carpet that could well find itself in computer rooms where a build up of static electricity could damage valuable equipment.

The carpet sample to be tested must be acclimatized for at least 7 days before the test at a temperature of 23+/-1°C and 25+/-2% relative humidity. This is because humidity impacts so greatly on conductivity of textiles and must be controlled rigorously to get a meaningful test.

In this test regime the horizontal resistance and vertical resistance of the carpet is measured (in Ohms).

Horizontal resistance: An isolating underlay is placed under the carpet tile sample which should be pile upward. 2 electrodes are connected to the tile 200 mm apart and the resistance in Ohms is measured between them.

Vertical resistance: Here the electrodes are above and below the carpet tile and the resistance in Ohms is measured between them.

Measurements of less than 1010 Ohms are necessary for computer rooms.

ISO 3415 – Static Loading (Compression test)

This test is designed to see how much the carpet is compressed by a weight placed on it. It replicates the effect of furniture on the carpet.

The thickness is measured before compression

A pressure of 220 kPa is applied for 15, 30 and 60 minutes.

The result is simply given in the loss of thickness in mm after

a recovery period of 1 hour.

ISO 140-8 Acoustic Properties

The test equipment for this standard consists of two spaces, one above the other and 5 hammers, each of 500 gr. The first test is to measure impact absorption – i.e. how much impact noise is absorbed by the carpet sample.

First of all the hammers are allowed to free fall onto the floor of the upper space from a height of 4 cm, each striking the floor 10 times / second. The noise in decibels is recorded in the space below.

The test is then repeated with the addition of the sample carpet to the floor of the higher space.

The difference in decibels is the amount of impact noise that has been absorbed by the carpet sample. This test is interesting in that it shows how well carpet performs to stop noise transmission compared to other floorcoverings like wood or vinyl.

For ISO 354 the absorption of ambient noise is measured. Noise of different frequencies; (125 – 250 – 500 – 1000 – 2000) are broadcast down into a room of 200m³ and the amount of noise bounced back from the floor is measured. This is then compared with the noise reflected by the floor when covered with sample material. A result of 0.5 in this test shows that 50% of the noise that would have been reflected was absorbed by the test sample and that the remaining 50% was reflected by it.

ISO 2551 – Dimensional Stability and EN 986 for tiles

Carpet tiles must maintain their dimensions ±0.02% after the following treatments:

Heating to a temperature of 60°C for 2 hours

Bathing in water at a temperature of 20°C for 2 hours

Further heating to a temperature of 60°C for 24 hours

Conditioning in normal atmospheric conditions for 48 hours

These treatments demonstrate that the tiles will retain their integrity in the toughest conditions like hot water cleaning and extreme temperatures.

Cost of Ownership

All floor coverings carry a hidden expense in the form of replacement costs. In commercial premises this cost is raised further by the business disruption of installing new carpet tiles. Buying unwisely will inevitably lead to higher expense. A reputable supplier should respond positively to a request for test data. Hopefully the information in this article will help make sense of the test specifications and support a properly informed choice.

About the Author

Simon Lawrence is Managing Director of Bürofloor, a UK company specialising in carpet tiles for commercial premises such as offices and shops. Having worked in the carpet industry for more than 35 years, from production and design through to senior management, he set up Bürofloor in 2001 to provide commercial users with access to test-compliant contract standard carpet tiles.Carpet Testing

How do you find the standard form of this equation of a hyperbola?

Foci: (0,0) (8,0)
Asymptote: y=(plus or minus)2(x-4)
I don't understand how to get the standard form of this equation.
Please help!

//////
(x-4)^2/(64/5)-y^2/(256/5)=1
centre (4,0)
c=8
c^2=64=a^2+b^2
y/b=2(x-4)/a
solve for a, b
and get the equ

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