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System Board
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The motherboard (or main-board) is the most important hardware component in a computer. It is a device that has to withstand extremes of temperature and cope with being continuous shutdown and re-started. To ensure that motherboards are capable of coping with exacting tolerances they are developed and manufactured with care and attention to detail. Every component and peripheral device associated with a specific computer is dependent on the motherboard. If it connected to the computer by any means, through a port, expansion slot, universal serial bus (USB) or wirelessly via Bluetooth or infrared it is all down to the support of the motherboard.  There is a lot more to these intricate circuits than meets the eye.  A modern day motherboard is a complex piece of circuitry that deserves further investigation. 

How a Motherboard is manufactured  

The design and manufacture of computer motherboard is a long and complicated process. To develop a new motherboard involves working closely with the chipset manufacturer of the central processing unit (CPU). New high end motherboards are designed to incorporate the latest advancements in technology.  Once the chipset manufacturer and motherboard manufacturer are happy with the design it will go into production.  

The motherboard manufacturer will design several similar motherboards based on the same chipset. The product will have different specifications dictated by their intended price range in the market. In some cases the collaboration of chipset manufacturers will require specific elements or components to be added to the products. Like all industries the overriding factor with regard to specification and components used is cost. The low end or cheaper motherboards seldom contain the latest technology that can be found in more expensive high end boards.  

The actual process of manufacturing motherboards is far more complicated than many people would realise. It would be easy to assume that that these complex  hardware components are built on production lines by robotic machines. In actual fact the process of manufacturing motherboards is only partially automated and relies quite heavily on human labour.  

The first part of the process is the addition of surface mount technology to a blank or a bare printed circuit board (PCB). The soldering is automatically achieved by heating the board to melt and re-set pre-applied solder. Large components are placed into position by human labour before the motherboards are inspected and tested. The circuit board undergoes a series of intensive tests usually inclusive of a burn-in test. This is a specific procedure that recreates extremes of stress that the device will encounter during its lifetime. Once the motherboard has passed quality control it can be packaged ready for distribution and retail. The entire manufacturing process takes approximately 15 minutes from start to finish.  

Central Processing Unit and Chipset Support  

The central processing unit chipset is important because it is an integrated technology. The chipset is optimized to operate with a specific CPU. The chipset cannot be removed or upgraded. The onboard chipset dictates which central processor units are compatible with the motherboard.  

Graphic Chipset Support  

Some low end motherboards have onboard graphic adapters incorporated. In more advanced high end motherboards graphic cards are added by making use of an expansion slot on the motherboard. The current technology is PCI Express (PCIE) which superseded PCI and AGP respectively. A major advancement in motherboard graphic chipset support has been the inclusion of both Nvidia SLI and ATI Crossfire on the same motherboard. This means that the end user has the option of choosing to install an Nvidia graphic card or an ATI Radeon graphic card.  

Bus Speeds  

The term bus is used to describe data transfer architecture within computer systems and electrical circuit boards. It derives from the word busbar which is a strip (or hollow tube) of copper or aluminium used to conduct electricity most commonly in electrical substations. This borrowed and shortened term is now exclusively used to describe the rate of data transfer in a computer system. The bus speed is the calculated rate of data transfer and is measured in megahertz.  

Northbridge Chipset  

Most motherboards manufacturers incorporate Northbridge and Southbridge chipsets into their products. These chipsets are designed to prevent a bottleneck (slow down) in the computers performance during intensive tasks. The layout varies from board to board but in basic terms the Northbridge (also known as the memory controller). In most cases the Northbridge controls communication between the central processing unit (CPU), graphics processing unit (GPU) and Memory. The Northbridge chipset or controller is a very significant component of the motherboard.  

Southbridge Chipset  

The Southbridge chipset is responsible for communication between the slower components on the motherboard. In a typical system the Southbridge controller communicates with the PCI bus, Real Time Clock, Power Management and several other devices.  

To conclude, the continual development and evolution of motherboards makes this an interesting industry to observe. 

Marvin Africa is author of building computers for beginners.
Read more about how to find the best motherboards.

How Easy Can you Maintain Dry Erase Boards?

Dry erase boards are awesome. During the early 1970's black boards were made in a square shape with wood frame at the corner. Chalk pieces were used for writing on the black boards. These types of boards were used in schools.

Superior quality dry erase boards have started to become popular since 1990's. It can also be called white board. At present white boards are commonly used in schools colleges' offices etc. Dry erase boards have several uses and benefits.

Special care and cleaners are not essential for the maintenance of dry erase boards. The surface of the erase boards are made out of glossy material and variety colors are also available. Permanent markings cannot be made.

Special eraser marker with removable ink has to be used for writing purposes on the dry erase boards. Three substances are used for the construction of white board. Cheap quality boards are made with melamine resin.

Superior quality boards with polyester steel coating are made out of porcelain enameled steel. Magnetic white boards with steel finishing have the ability to attract notes made out of magnets. Boards made out of porcelain prove to be durable to the high quality substances used for the construction of the board.

The white color boards made out of melamine resin and painted steel fade away in course of time due to the penetration of the ink in to the pores. Boards made out of porcelain do not allow the penetration of ink and the color is maintained permanently.

Ghosting can be seen prominently in all types of board. The solvent in dry markers is the main cause for ghosting. White virtual boards promotes the writing and drawing on the canvas that has been stimulated.

The external factors like accidental eraser or water cannot have an impact on the markings of the white board. Chalk pieces used for writing in black boards generate dust while handling. Dust problems do not crop up and they are totally avoided when ink markers are used on dry erase boards.

People prone to allergic problems can go in for white boards. Overhead projector presentation can be accompanied with white boards. Projection on white boards is not advised due to glaring difficulties. White boards with the low glare projection facilities are available. The wiping and projection qualities of the board will be at the optimum level.

White boards are comparatively expensive than chalk boards. Specially designed white markers should be used for writing purposes. Using alternative ink markers other than regular ones could create erasing difficulties. Acetone alcohol prepackaged wipes and cleaning sprays can be used for the removal of inks from the dry erase boards.

Strong odour present in the markers may create allergy problems. Markers with less odour are can be used. Visually impaired people face complications with white background boards. Tough stains created with marker inks especially in clothing material cannot be removed. During winter season the ink of the marker evaporates faster as a result of which the markings on the white board turn invisible.

About the Author

Muna wa Wanjiru Has Been Researching and Reporting on Erase Boards for Years. For More Information on Dry Erase Boards, Visit His Site at DRY ERASE BOARDS

How to disable mic in a logitech webcam and use the on board sound system?

I want to use the on board sound system and attach my separate mic instead of the built mic in a logitech webcam messenger

Control Panel > Sounds & Audio Devices > Voice > go to the "Voice recording section" Default device - in the drop down box change it from Logitech Microphone to your Sound card input.

Winne steps down from Armada School Board
Gail Winne has been a part of the Armada education system for her entire life. She began as a student when Berville consolidated with Armada schools decades ago and has served on the Armada School Board as President.

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