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Unexposed Film
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The modern, film-based single lens reflex (SLR) camera is a complex of electronics, mechanics, and ultra high-precision optics. A major part of its operation is concerned with winding-on and rewinding the film - in the camera illustrated here, a motor performs this function as well as controlling the mirror action. As you would expect, autofocus cameras require a further layer of complicated integration between the electronics, optics, and mechanics.

While a digital camera is no less complicated in its mechanical and optical construction, its electronics are far more powerful than you would find in a film-based model. A major saving is not having to transport the film -the design for a static photosensor is far easier than that for a moving strip of film. But nearly all other film-based camera operations are needed.

Image structure

Film
- silver grains or dye clouds of varying size distributed in a random pattern.
Digital
- same-sized sensor pixels arranged in a regular grid, or raster array.

Colour recording

Film
- colours in the scene separated by red-, green-, and blue-sensitive layers.
Digital
- colours in the scene separated by Bayer pattern of red, blue, and green filters.

Colour reproduction Image amplification

Film
- dye clouds of cyan, magenta, and yellow. Development by chemical action.
Digital
- interpolated from colour filter array. Electronic and digital processes.

Image quality

Film
- depends on film speed, grain structure, and processing regime.
Digital
- depends on sensor resolution and interpolation methods; also compression, if used.

Storage

Film
- image fixed by removing unexposed silver black and white stable, colour less so.
Digital
- image stored temporarily on memory cards or hard-disks.

Steve J. Wilson is living in the United States and is a freelance writer since 2006, in digital photography related topics. If you are interested in some useful Youth Sports Photography, than you are in the right place.

Copyright © Steve J. Wilson, All Rights Reserved. All those who are interested in using this article, please make all the links active.

damages which cell phones cause to men's health

INTRODUCTION:

WHAT IS CELL PHONE

Cell phone is what people use to communicate from one country to another.

cell phone also helps in doing thing like browsing, camera, playing music that is carriable, watching films, video, football etc.

CELL PHONE AS A DAMAGE EQUIPMENT.

Cell phone cause damage to the body like raidowave which is include in phones to work, do you know radiowave can cause damage to the sperm of men.

below are the full details on how cell phone cause damages to the body.

RADIOWAVE FROM CELL PHONE

A.   IT MAY CAUSE SPERM DAMAGES

 

Attention male cellphone users of reproductive age: Take that phone out of your pocket. Information published today suggests that the radio-frequency energy released by cellphones decreases sperm quality in men.

Last year, researchers from the Cleveland Clinic released a study showing that men who used their cellphones for more than four hours a day had significantly lower sperm quality than men who used their phones for less time. That study, however, did not reveal what might be causing this association. The new study by the same research group, published online today in Fertility & Sterility, took sperm samples from 32 men and divided the samples into two parts for a test group and a control group. The test group specimens were placed an inch from a 850 MHz cellphone that was in talk mode. Measurements taken after the one-hour exposure showed that the sperm exposed to the cellphone contained higher levels of harmful free radicals and a decreased amount of protective antioxidants compared with the unexposed sperm. These factors caused a decline in the sperm's function and motility and in the overall health of the sperm. However, there was no significant difference in damage to the DNA of the exposed cells.

For now, the amount of radio-frequency energy released from cellphones is considered safe. But there are looming questions about the long-term and heavy use of cellphones. Links between brain cancer and cellphones have been suggested, for example. And a recent study found a link between women who used a cellphone in pregnancy and later behavior problems in their children. See this recent L.A. Times Health section story on cell phone and the risk of disease.

Further studies are needed to determine if the results seen in the laboratory sperm samples hold true in men. Many men put their phones in a trouser pocket when using a hands-free device. In the lab, the sperm and cellphone were placed side-by-side. But in real life, the phone and the male reproductive organs are separated by several layers of tissue. Still, men who are planning a family may want to play it safe and keep the active phone a safe distance from their reproductive parts.

"Since many people are now using hands-free sets with their cellphones for various health and safety reasons, it's important that we continue studying this topic to gain a better understanding of the true impact these devices are having on every part of the body," said Dr. Edmund Sabanegh, director of the Center for Male Fertility for the Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute at the Cleveland Clinic.

 

B.  IT MAY CAUSE HEARING LOSS AND DEAFNESS

 

Hearing Loss Study

Panda and his colleagues evaluated 100 people, aged 18 to 45, who had used mobile phones for at least a year, dividing them into three groups according to length of use. One group of 35 had used phones for one to two years; another group of 35 had used them for two to four years, and a group of 30 had used them for more than four years.

"We asked them if they had been using the phones less than 60 minutes or more than 60 minutes per day," Panda tells WebMD. They compared the phone users with 50 people who had never used cell phones and served as a control group. The study was conducted in India.

Those who used the mobile phones for more than four years had more hearing loss in high-frequency ranges in their right ear, the ear most held the phone to, than those who used the mobile phone for one to two years.

"When we compared high-frequency thresholds (the level at which the sound is first detected) between the one- to two-year [users] and more than four years; there was a significant difference in the thresholds between these two groups," he says.

One- to two-year users had a 16.48 decibel loss in the high-frequency range, he says, while those who used the phones more than four years had a 24.54 decibel loss.

That decrease in hearing over a relatively brief period may not be noticeable to mobile phone users but would be of concern to a hearing expert, says Andy Vermiglio, AuD, a research audiologist at House Ear Institute in Los Angeles.

Mobile phone users who had symptoms such as a warm sensation, fullness in the ears, or ringing were more likely to have the high-frequency hearing loss, Panda also says.

Long-term mobile phone use may result in inner ear damage, Panda speculates. And symptoms such as ear warmth or fullness could be early warning signs of that damage.

Second Opinion

The research is too preliminary to warrant alarm, says Chester Griffiths, MD, chairman of the surgery department at Santa Monica -- UCLA Medical Center and Orthopaedic Hospital and assistant clinical professor at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles. He was not involved in the study but reviewed the findings for WebMD.

"Based on this study, I would not advise any change at the point, but I would caution people if they have any symptoms to stop using a cell phone or to reduce use."

Cell Phone Industry Responds

Joe Farren, a spokesman for CTIA -- the Wireless Association, the industry organization for the cellular industry, tells WebMD he has not reviewed the new study closely so he can't comment directly on the findings.

But he tells WebMD that previous research has not found a link between cell phone use and harmful health effects.

"There have been numerous studies conducted around the globe that have been peer-reviewed and published in leading scientific journals that show no association between wireless usage and adverse health effects," Farren says.

The subjects in the Indian study used GSM mobile phones. Farren says U.S. mobile phone users have phones that use the GSM platform but also other platforms.

Panda plans to continue his research. Meanwhile, his advice to preserve hearing: "Use cell phones when absolutely necessary.

Sources SOURCES: Naresh K. Panda, MS, DNBE, chairman, department of ear, nose, and throat, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. Annual meeting of American Academy of Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery, Washington, D.C., Sept. 19, 2007. Joe Farren, spokesman, CTIA -- The Wireless Association, Washington, D.C. Chester Griffiths, MD, chairman, surgery department, Santa Monica -- UCLA Medical Center and Orthopaedic Hospital; assistant clinical professor, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles. Andy Vermiglio, AuD, research audiologist, House Ear Institute, Los Angeles.

SESAN SAMUEL OYEDEPO

THE AUTHOR

 

About the Author

my name is sesan sameul oyedepo above is my article. for any comment
my e-mail address is sexo4real@yahoo.com. my mobile no: +2347056836114.
for anybody that read and enjoy it should send their comment to my mail address or call me. thank you

What color is photographic film?

When you pull out the leader of a roll of film, it does not matter if it is color or black & white film, the light will cause it to become exposed dark gray or dark brown. So, what color is unexposed film?

Black and white film is definitely white. the salts of silver used in photographic film are white, with a yellowish tint (AgI and AgBr). As for a color film, it might depend on the color of the dyes used, but my guess is that it's also colorless.

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