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Finding the best waterproof digital cameras can be a little tricky nowadays. There are so many of them on the market and so many to choose from it can get really confusing. So how can I find the best waterproof digital camera that is right for me? Well if you are looking for quality and a camera that suites all of your needs and expectations here is something you need to know. Not all cameras are created equal and not all of them have the same type of features. I am going to share with you the most important things about a waterproof digital camera. You must pay attention to when you are buying one and the top waterproof digital cameras brands on the market.

Here are some details you have to pay close attention to when you are buying a Waterproof digital camera.

Waterproof depth: You need to know how deep down in the water your camera is able to go before you purchase it. You need to make sure the waterproof deep rating on the camera for example (Waterproof to 33 feet) suites what you want to do with it, otherwise your camera can be destroyed if it goes deeper than that depth.

The type of resistant features your camera has: some waterproof digital cameras also have other resistant features like cold resistant which ranges between certain cold temperatures. Shockproof this is good for protecting your camera from being damaged if it is dropped from a certain height. There is also crushproof which protects the camera if a load is placed on it for example if you sit or step on it and shakeproof protects your camera if it shaken violently the components will not be destroyed.

Battery life: it is good to check how long the battery life last on your camera and also check if your camera carries its own rechargeable battery. This can really save you a lot of money because you would not have to be buying batteries every time your battery is dead.

Megapixels: the more megapixels the better the image quality and the sharper the images look so it would be a good choice to look for a camera with more mega pixels like around 10 an up.

Image stabilization and Face Detection: these are two good features that help a person take better and more accurate pictures. Image stabilization helps decrease the movement caused by your hands or the environment you are in to give you a picture that is less blurry or fussy while Face Detection helps you locate an individual's face and makes the appropriate adjustments to get a better picture.

Optical zoom: this helps to improve the picture quality of pictures that are taken from farther away so the more optical zoom your camera has, the better it is at taking quality pictures from a distance.

There a lot of top waterproof digital cameras brands on the market some of the more popular brands are Canon Powershot, Panasonic Lumix, Olympus Stylus, Fujifilm, Casio Exilim, Pentax Optio, Sanyo Xacti, Vivitar VIVICAM and AGFA just to name a few.

If your looking for the best waterproof digital cameras on the market visit http://www.squidoo.com/the-best-waterproof-digital-cameras enjoy.

Fisheye lens - Dress shoes manufacturer - china Sport shoes

Types of fisheye lenses

In a circular fisheye lens, the image circle is inscribed in the film or sensor area; in a full-frame fisheye lens the image circle is circumscribed around the film or sensor area.

Further, different fisheye lenses distort images differently, and the manner of distortion is referred to as their mapping function. A common type for consumer use is equisolid angle.

Circular

Image taken using a circular fisheye lens.

The first types of fisheye lenses to be developed were "circular fisheyes" lenses which took in a 180 hemisphere and projected this as a circle within the film frame. Some circular fisheyes were available in orthographic projection models for scientific applications. These have a 180 vertical angle of view, and the horizontal and diagonal angle of view are also 180. Most circular fisheye lenses cover a smaller image circle than rectilinear lenses, so the corners of the frame will be completely dark.

Full-frame

As fisheye lenses gained popularity in general photography, camera companies began manufacturing fisheye lenses that enlarged the image circle to cover the entire 35 mm film frame, and this is the type of fisheye most commonly used by photographers.

The picture angle produced by these lenses only measures 180 degrees when measured from corner to corner: these have a 180 diagonal angle of view, while the horizontal and vertical angles of view will be smaller; for an equisolid angle-type 15 mm full-frame fisheye, the horizontal FOV will be 147, and the vertical FOV will be 94.

The first full-frame fisheye lens to be mass-produced was a 16 mm lens made by Nikon in the late 1960s. Digital cameras with APS-C sized sensors require a 10.5 mm lens to get the same effect as a 16 mm lens on a camera with full-frame sensor.

Fisheye 15 mm (type: equisolid angle), 35 mm film, cropped by slide frame.

Fisheye 10.5 mm Nikkor (type: equisolid angle), APS-C sized sensor, cropped to rectangle.

A full frame fisheye lens for a 35mm camera.

A Peleng 8mm f/3.5 Lens.

Miniature Fisheye Lenses

Miniature fisheye lenses are designed for small format CCD/CMOS imagers commonly used in consumer and security cameras. Popular format sizes are 1/4" (active area 3.6mmx2.7mm), 1/3" (active area 4.8mmx3.6mm) and 1/2" (active area 6.6mmx4.8mm). Depending on the imager active area, the same lens can form a circular image on one imager (e.g. 1/2"), and a full frame on the other (e.g. 1/4"). Sunex makes a series of miniature fisheye lenses for popular imager formats.

Focal length

Sigma currently makes a 4.5mm fisheye lens that captures a 180 degree field of view on a crop body. Sunex also makes a 5.6mm fisheye lens that captures a circular 185 degree field of view on a 1.5x Nikon and 1.6x Canon DSLR cameras.

Nikon produced a 6 mm circular fisheye lens that was initially designed for an expedition to Antarctica. It featured a 220-degree field of view, designed to capture the entire sky and surrounding ground when pointed straight up. This lens is still manufactured by Nikon upon special order, and is used nowadays to produce interactive virtual-reality images such as QuickTime VR and IPIX. Because of its very wide field of view, it is very large and cumbersome - weighing 5.2 kilograms (11 lb) and having a diameter of 236 millimetres (9.3 in). It dwarfs a regular 35 mm SLR camera and has its own tripod mounting point, a feature normally seen in large long-focus or telephoto lenses to reduce strain on the lens mount because the lens is heavier than the camera.

An 8 mm fisheye lens, also made by Nikon, has proven useful for scientific purposes because of its equidistant (equiangular) projection, in which distance along the radius of the circular image is proportional to zenith angle.

Other uses

An image shot with a 16mm full-frame fisheye lens, with a 35mm-format digital SLR, before and after remapping to rectilinear perspective with Panorama Tools

With appropriate software, the curvilinear images produced by a fisheye lens can be remapped to a conventional rectilinear projection. Although this entails some loss of detail at the edges of the frame, the technique can produce an image with a field of view greater than that of a conventional rectilinear lens. This is particularly useful for creating panoramic images.

Some planetariums use a form of fisheye lens to project a two-dimensional film image of the night sky onto the interior of a dome.

Similarly, the IMAX Dome (previously 'OMNIMAX') motion-picture format involves photography through a circular fisheye lens, and projection through the same onto a hemispherical screen.

Scientists and resource managers (e.g., biologists, foresters, and meteorologists) use fisheye lenses for hemispherical photography to calculate plant canopy indices and near-ground solar radiation. Applications include evaluation of forest health, characterization of monarch butterfly winter roosting sites, and management of vineyards.

Photographers and videographers use fisheye lenses so they can get the camera as close as possible for action shots whilst also capturing context, for example in skateboarding to focus on the board and still retain an image of the skater.

The peepholes used in doors generally contain fisheye lenses, so as to give a wide field of view. Security cameras often tend to have such lenses for similar reasons.

The first music video to be shot completely with fisheye lens was for the Beastie Boys song "Shake Your Rump" in 1989.

Fisheye lenses for 35 mm cameras

Circular fisheye

Peleng 8 mm f/3.5

Canon FD 7.5 mm f/5.6 (note: not EF mount) (not in production)

Nikkor 8mm f/2.8 lens (not in production)

Sigma 8 mm f/3.5 EX DG (replaces the Sigma 8 mm f/4 EX DG)

Sigma 4.5 mm f/2.8 EX DC Circular Fisheye HSM for APS-C sensors

Sunex 185 deg SuperFisheye 5.6mm f/5.6 for DSLRs

Vemar 12mm f/5.6 Fish-Eye / Ultra-Wideangleircular image on full-frame 135 cameras if the integral hood is in place, 160 degree view. Usually available as a T2 mount for various cameras, but no longer in production.

Full-frame fisheye

AF DX Fisheye-Nikkor 10.5mm f/2.8G ED (full frame on DX sensors, almost circular on FX sensors if integral hood is removed -- the image circle is slightly bigger than the frame and there is some cropping at the top and bottom).

MC Zenitar 16mm f/2.8 (Models available: MC Zenitar-K - Pentax mount; MC Zenitar-M - M42 screwmount; MC Zenitar-H - Nikon mount)

Sigma 15 mm f/2.8 EX DG Diagonal Fisheye

Sigma 10 mm f/2.8 EX DC Fisheye HSM for APS-C sensors.

Zoom Tokina 10-17mm f/3.5-4.5 fisheye lens for APS-C sensors

Canon EF 15mm f/2.8

Minolta/Sony AF 16mm f/2.8 Fisheye

Olympus Zuiko Digital ED 8mm f/3.5 Fisheye] for Four Thirds cameras

Pentax DA 10-17mm f/3.5-4.5 ED(IF) -- full-frame image for APS-C sensors on K-mount cameras

Samyang 8 mm f/3.5 Fisheye CS for APS-C sensors - also marketed as Bower, Polar, Falcon, Rokinon and the same as the Vivitar 7mm and Opteka 6.5mm lenses. This lens is manual focus and is reported to use stereographic projection

Mapping function

The mapping of a sideways object leads to a picture position displacement from the image center. The manner of this conversion is the mapping function. The distance of a point from the image center 'r' is dependent on the focal length of the optical system 'f', and the angle from the optical axis ''.

Illustration of the conceptual significance of the r, f, and variables used in the mapping function specification.

Original tunnel to be photographed, with camera looking from inside center to left wall.

Gnomonical

Gnomonical, 40 right pan

Linear scaled (equidistant)

Orthographic[dubious discuss]

Equal area (equisolid angle)

Stereographic (conform)

Normal (non-fisheye) lens:

Gnomonical or perspective: r = ftan(). Works like the pinhole camera. Straight lines remain straight (distortion free). "" has to be smaller than 90. The aperture angle is gaged symmetrically to the optical axis and has to be smaller than 180. Large aperture angles are difficult to design and lead to high prices.

Fisheye lenses can have many different mapping functions:

Linear scaled (equidistant): , where is in radians. Practical for angle measurement e.g., star maps. PanoTools uses this type.

Orthographic: r = fsin(). Looks like an orb with the surroundings lying on < max. 180 aperture angle.

Equal area (equisolid angle): r = 2fsin( / 2). Looks like a mirror image on a ball, best special effect (unsophisticated distances), suitable for area comparison (clouds grade determination). This type is popular but it compresses marginal objects. The prices of these lenses are high, but not extreme.

Stereographic (conform): r = 2ftan( / 2). This mapping would be ideal for photographers because it doesn't compress marginal objects as much. Samyang is the only manufacturer ever to be making this kind of fisheye lens. This lens is available under different brandnames. This mapping is easily implemented by software.

Other mapping functions (for example Tailored Distortion lenses) are also possible for enhancing the off-axis resolution of fisheye lenses.

All types of fisheye lens bend straight lines. Aperture angles of 180 or more are possible only with large amounts of barrel distortion.

See also

Map projection

References

^ Hill, R. 1924. A lens for whole sky photographs. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 50:227-235.

^ The formula is , which comes from inverting the mapping function; Dyxum, Gustavo Orensztajn

^ AF DX Fisheye-NIKKOR 10.5 mm f/2.8G ED specification

^ Miniature fisheye lenses

^ Sunex

^ http://www.sigma-photo.com/lenses/lenses_all_details.asp?id=3336&navigator=6 4.5mm F2.8 EX DC Circular Fisheye HSM

^ "Additional Information on Fisheye-Nikkor 6mm f/2.8 lens". Malaysian Internet Resources. http://www.mir.com.my/rb/photography/companies/nikon/nikkoresources/fisheyes/6mmf28.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-11. 

^ "Additional Information on Fisheye-Nikkor 6mm f/2.8 lens: Late 70s". Malaysian Internet Resources. http://www.mir.com.my/rb/photography/companies/nikon/nikkoresources/late70nikkor/fisheyes/6mmf28.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-11. 

^ Sunex

^ SuperFisheye

^

^ AF DX Fisheye-Nikkor 10.5mm f/2.8G ED

^ MC Zenitar

^ Sigma 15 mm f/2.8 EX DG Diagonal Fisheye

^ Olympus Zuiko Digital ED 8mm f/3.5 Fisheye

^ "Samyang 8 mm f/3.5 Aspherical IF MC Fish-eye". lenstip.com. http://www.lenstip.com/160.1-Lens_review-Samyang_8_mm_f_3.5_Aspherical_IF_MC_Fish-eye-Introduction.html. Retrieved 2009-08-14. 

^ Samyang 8 mm f/3.5 Fisheye CS

^ Tailored Distortion lenses

External links

Fisheye projection theory

A list of fisheye lenses

Overview of fish-eye distortion effects

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Can I get a normal Vivitar slr lens to work w/ a Canon DSLR?

I have a Canon XT, and have been given three old regular SLR lenses. Is there any set of adaptor rings that would allow me to use the XT with these lenses?

1. Vivitar Series 1 80MM 1:2.5 MACRO No. 37713225
58 MM
2. Formula 5 1:45 85-210mm No. 212972
3. Vivitar Series 1 90mm f 2.5 MACRO ADAPTER
4. CANON LENS FD 28mm 1:2.8

As you know, FD-mount lenses are not compatible with Canon EF mount (electronic signal transfer system). There is no way to use these lenses on your EOS camera.

There was much angst among faithful Canon users because they found themselves unable to upgrade to the new EOS system without buying new lenses. Some of the high profile pros were given “sweet deals” with special discounts and outright gifts of “loaned” camera systems, but the rest just had to suck it up and either buy all new equipment or switch to a more design stable camera company.

For this reason you may be able to pick up a nice Canon AE series body for very little money and use the lenses when using film.

Sakar's Dora the Explorer Talking Digital Camera Wins PTPA Award
EDISON, N.J., June 29 /PRNewswire/ -- Sakar International announced today that its Dora the Explorer Talking Digital Camera has earned Parent Tested Parent Approved (PTPA) Media Inc.'s Seal of Approval for excellence in parenting products. The colorful kidney-shaped camera for ages 4 and older features the face and voice of Dora the Explorer, the Latina heroine of the popular Nickelodeon ...

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